Frequent detection of noroviruses and sapoviruses in swine and high genetic diversity of porcine sapovirus in Japan during fiscal year 2008

Frequent detection of noroviruses and sapoviruses in swine and high genetic diversity of porcine sapovirus in Japan during fiscal year 2008. human serum samples did not meet the definition of human subject research because all samples were deidentified. The institutional review board (IRB) deemed the study exempt from IRB review. One hundred serum samples, collected between September 2009 and February 2010 during a previous study from animals between 1.5 and 26.5 years 8-Hydroxyguanosine old (average, 5.9), both males (= 45) and females (= 69) housed at the Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), and provided by Karol Sestak, were used to establish seroprevalence in rhesus macaques (< 0.0001) against all serotypes (28 to 100%) than samples collected from the normal population (3 to 18%) (Fig. 1). Among the Cincinnati samples, where demographic information was available, the presence or level of VN antibodies was independent of age, sex, or race. The marked difference in the prevalence of ReCV-neutralizing antibodies between the two human populations is consistent with a zoonotic transmission of ReCVs. However, this 8-Hydroxyguanosine was not supported by the antibody titers of the positive samples. The mean titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies in both human populations were significantly lower (< 0.05) than those in the macaques. No statistically significant difference was detected between the mean titers 8-Hydroxyguanosine of the two human populations (Fig. 2). Open in a separate window FIG 1 Prevalence of ReCV-neutralizing antibodies. The percentage of samples with a VN titer of 10 is shown. **, statistically significant difference between the Cincinnati samples and samples obtained from zookeepers (< 0.0001). Open in a separate window FIG 2 Virus neutralization antibody titers. Means and standard errors of the means (SEM) of positive samples are shown. *, statistically significant difference between macaque and human samples (< 0.05). No statistically significant difference was detected between the two human populations. The possibility that ReCVs infect humans had been previously indicated by the detection of Tulane virus-neutralizing antibodies in serum samples collected from animal caretakers and more importantly by the molecular detection of a novel ReCV strain in stool samples from Bangladeshi patients (3, 7). These findings also raised the question about the zoonotic potential of ReCVs, which could be supported by the close genetic relationship of the nonhuman primate host and humans and by the evolutionary relatedness and shared biological features of ReCVs and human NoVs, including the role of histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding in susceptibility. It is well established that chimpanzees and perhaps other nonhuman primate species can experimentally be infected with human NoVs (8). However, whether human NoV transmission to nonhuman primates occurs under natural circumstances is unknown. The interspecies transmission of several other viral agents between different primate species is well documented, including Cercopithecine herpesvirus I, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, measles virus, hepatitis A and C viruses, p105 and the Ebola viruses. The zoonotic transmission of several animal CVs, including NoVs that are genetically closely related to human NoVs (e.g., genogroup 2 [G2] swine and G3 bovine NoVs) has been suggested previously (9), but even with decades of worldwide surveillance of human 8-Hydroxyguanosine NoV infections, the detection of swine or bovine NoVs in human samples has not yet been reported. On the other hand, human NoVs can replicate in gnotobiotic pigs, which indicates the possibility of the emergence of swine-human recombinant NoVs or that swine could serve as reservoir for human NoVs. Recently, the detection of human G2.3, G2.4, and G2.13 NoVs that were associated with human outbreaks in the same year was reported in swine in Japan (10). However, the low copy numbers of these viruses compared to swine NoV strains raises questions about whether the human NoVs replicated in the.